SHM's Clinical Quick Talks-Vasculitis: Classification + Workup

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Vasculitis is a group of diseases characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. The clinical and pathological features of vasculitis vary depending on the type and location of the affected blood vessels. It can either be a primary condition or secondary to another underlying disease. The exact cause of vasculitis is unclear but is believed to be related to immune complexes, autoantibodies, and antigenic agents. The classification of vasculitis is based on the size of the blood vessels involved, such as large, medium, or small vessels. Examples of vasculitis include Takayasu and Giant Cell Arteritis (large vessel), Polyarteritis Nodosa, Kawasaki, and ANCA-associated vasculitis (medium vessel), and cryoglobulinemic and IgA vasculitis (small vessel).<br /><br />There are also secondary causes of vasculitis, which can be medication-induced or associated with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Certain associations should be kept in mind, such as Bechet's disease, Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, Takayasu disease, and Giant Cell Arteritis.<br /><br />The diagnosis of vasculitis is based on a thorough history and physical examination, along with laboratory and imaging tests. Common symptoms to consider when suspecting vasculitis include constitutional symptoms, unexplained weight loss, nasal crusting, and ocular inflammation. Diagnostic tests may include complete blood count, urinalysis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, antibodies (ANCA), and imaging studies like chest X-ray, CT scans, or vascular ultrasounds. Biopsy of the affected tissue is often necessary for a definitive diagnosis.<br /><br />It is important to differentiate vasculitis from other conditions that can mimic its symptoms, such as infections and coagulation disorders. Treatment of vasculitis depends on the type and severity of the disease and may involve the use of immunosuppressive medications.<br /><br />In conclusion, vasculitis is a group of inflammatory diseases affecting blood vessels, and its diagnosis requires a comprehensive evaluation including medical history, physical examination, and various laboratory and imaging tests. Prompt recognition and appropriate management are crucial for improving patient outcomes.

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Jenna Guma, Michael Guma

Keywords

Vasculitis

inflammation of blood vessels

primary condition

secondary causes

immune complexes

autoantibodies

antigenic agents

classification of vasculitis

diagnosis of vasculitis

treatment of vasculitis