SHM's Clinical Quick Talks-Bronchiectasis

Pdf Summary

Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by the dilation of the airways. It is caused by interrelated processes involving infection and obstruction, leading to inflammation and damage of the bronchial walls. There are various etiologies of bronchiectasis, including obstruction, infection, immunodeficiency, autoimmune conditions, genetic disorders, congenital abnormalities, and other miscellaneous factors. Patients with bronchiectasis typically present with frequent respiratory infections, chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and less commonly, hemoptysis and pleurisy. Physical examination may reveal crackles, wheezes, and digital clubbing. Diagnosis is confirmed through detailed medical and family history, chest radiographs, and CT scans, which can specify the type of bronchiectasis. It is also important to investigate and treat any underlying causes of bronchiectasis. <br /><br />Treatment for bronchiectasis involves managing exacerbations and preventing further damage. Exacerbations, characterized by worsening symptoms, are treated with appropriate antibiotics based on sputum culture results. Stable patients can be treated with oral antibiotics, while clinically unstable patients may require intravenous antibiotics. Prevention and maintenance strategies include maximizing airway clearance through mucokinetics, mucolytics, chest physiotherapy, and hydration. Inhaled therapies and vaccinations may also be used to minimize infections. Clinical pearls include the association of pseudomonas in sputum with increased mortality and the higher mortality rate in patients with frequent exacerbations. <br /><br />In summary, bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by the dilation of the airways. It can have various etiologies and presents with symptoms such as respiratory infections, cough, and dyspnea. Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging studies, and treatment involves managing exacerbations and preventing further damage through various strategies.

Asset Subtitle

Christopher Ambrogi, Osheen Abramian

Keywords

Bronchiectasis

chronic lung disease

airway dilation

infection

obstruction

inflammation

respiratory infections

diagnosis

treatment

exacerbations