Managing Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in the Hospital: Focus on the Noncritically Ill Patient-References

References

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This comprehensive reference list supports clinical guidance and research on managing diabetes and hyperglycemia among hospitalized noncritically ill patients from 2023 to 2026. Key studies emphasize the importance of tight glycemic control to reduce complications such as infections, surgical site infections, and mortality in diabetic patients undergoing various medical and surgical treatments (Clement et al. 2004; Furnary et al. 1999, 2003; Pomposelli et al. 1998; Martin et al. 2016). Evidence-based insulin management strategies, including basal-bolus and basal-plus regimens, have been demonstrated to improve inpatient glucose control and clinical outcomes (Umpierrez et al. 2007, 2013; Baldwin et al. 2012). Protocols integrating subcutaneous insulin use and clinical education show improvements in glycemic management quality (Schnipper et al. 2009; Maynard et al. 2009).<br /><br />Recent guidelines and consensus statements from organizations such as the American Diabetes Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, and the Endocrine Society provide standardized recommendations for inpatient glycemic control, emphasizing individualized therapy plans and transition care at discharge (Moghissi et al. 2009; ADA 2016, 2022; Umpierrez et al. 2012, 2014; Qaseem et al. 2011). Integration of novel therapies such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors is increasingly recognized for perioperative and inpatient glycemic management, showing safety and efficacy in diverse patient populations (Gracia-Ramos et al. 2022; Duggan et al. 2017; Fayfman et al. 2019; Salah et al. 2022; Voors et al. 2022).<br /><br />Perioperative diabetes optimization programs are also highlighted for improving surgical outcomes and reducing healthcare costs (Setji et al. 2017). Studies point to challenges in achieving preoperative HbA1c targets and suggest alternative glycemic markers like fructosamine for risk prediction post-surgery (Giori et al. 2014; Shohat et al. 2019). The references caution against unnecessary medication holds, such as routine metformin discontinuation during hospitalization without clear indication (Cohen et al. 2022).<br /><br />Overall, these references underpin a proactive, evidence-based multidisciplinary approach to safely and effectively managing hospitalized noncritical patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia, optimizing outcomes through tailored glycemic control protocols, advanced therapeutics, and coordinated care transitions.

Keywords

diabetes management

hyperglycemia

inpatient glycemic control

basal-bolus insulin regimen

clinical guidelines

perioperative diabetes optimization

GLP-1 receptor agonists

SGLT2 inhibitors

surgical outcomes

multidisciplinary care